Rudolf Diesel And The Invention Of The Diesel Engine

Rudolf Diesel is an infamous German innovator, mainly known for the invention of the Diesel engine, which was named after him. However, Rudolf was not actually born in Germany but in Paris, France on March 18th, 1858 and was the second of three children. His parents emigrated from Bavaria to become leather goods manufacturers; their drive and creativity would ultimately spark Rudolf’s passion for inventing. The Diesel family was forced to move out of Paris due to the Franco-Prussian war in 1870. While the Diesel family settled in England, Rudolf’s parents figured it would be best to send Rudolf to Germany with his aunt and uncle so he could attend a private school where his uncle taught mathematics. Rudolf demonstrated an inquisitive nature and thirst for knowledge from an early age, however his parents did not encourage this. They would much rather see Rudolf dive into the work force rather than pursuing an education. After finishing his basic education at the top of t he class, Rudolf applied and was accepted into the Industrial School of Augsburg with a scholarship (Bellis, 2015). After graduating in 1880 and with a few years of work experience under his belt, he began to develop a steam engine using ammonia vapour. The results of this experiment were disastrous as during testing the engine exploded and nearly killed him. In 1893, Rudolf published a paper with designs of an engine based on the Carnot cycle; this created the foundation for the Diesel engine. ThroughoutShow MoreRelatedRudolf Diesel s Life And Invention1546 Words   |  7 Pageswithout your car? Rudolf Diesel created the perfect thing, a Diesel engine. Now with the invention of an engine, we can get wherever we need to go. Rudolf diesel’s life and invention has impacted the world greatly. Rudolf’s Life Rudolf Diesel was born in Paris, France, on March 18, 1858, and raised between there and in Germany throughout his life. Rudolf grew up with an older sister Louis, that was born in 1856, as well as a younger sister, Emma, born in 1859. Diesel was not allowed toRead MoreRudolf Diesel : A Man Of Science1295 Words   |  6 PagesRudolf Diesel I. Introduction According to the Famous Scientists web site, Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel was a man of science who made a big contribution to today`s society. He contributed greatly in the field of mechanical engineering, especially in nowadays transportation powering methods. Diesel is well-known for having invented the diesel engine, however he also happens to be a connoisseur of the arts, a social theorist, and a linguistic whose brilliant mind made breakthroughs which are stillRead MoreThe Invention Of The Nineteenth Century Essay1890 Words   |  8 PagesWhen asked what the most important invention is, many questions comes to mind, and these questions must be answered before responding to the initial question. Basically, anything that did not exist previously, whether it is a mechanical device or graphics, literature, or music, is an invention. The eighteenth, nineteenth and the twentieth centuries were met with innumerable of new inventions, technical breakthroughs, and innovations. Steam loc omotive, diesel engine and the internet were two of theRead MoreChemistry and Technology in Biodiesel Essay528 Words   |  3 Pagescleaner diesel fuel for diesel engines in many types of vehicles. It is safer for the environment and is a cleaner version of diesel. It is made from soybeans and other vegetation. It is made with a process called transesterification it seperates glycerin from fat or oil and then methyl esters and glycerin is what is left over and used for the fuel. Biodiesel had its origins with the invention of the diesel engine, as the diesel engine was designed to run on Biodiesel. Rudolf Diesel was theRead MoreThe Second Industrial Revolution605 Words   |  2 PagesCombustion Engine Positive effects Negative effects The automobile would not be possible without it Pollution Air planes would not possible without it The average person cannot fix it. It was lighter and cheaper than the stream engine May not last longer than diesel engines 2. From Instructors notes: First, explain in your own words why people were seeking to replace the steam engine during the 1800s. Then, for the second part of the question, choose either Gottleib Daimler or Rudolf Diesel and explainRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Biofuel 859 Words   |  3 Pageshave increased in popularity as the rise of oil prices and with the push for alternative energy. Types of Biofuel There are first-generation fuels are second-generation fuels. The first generation fuels break down into Ethanol, Biodiesel, Green diesel, vegetable oil, biogas, etc. To be considered a first-generation fuel it must be made from sugars, starch or vegetable oil. In contrast to first-generation fuels, the second-generation fuels are more advanced and made from more complex elements. ThereRead MoreThe Locomotive Of The Transcontinental Railway2002 Words   |  9 Pagesof goods out west. Steam engines were a major part of the Industrial Revolution, and steam locomotives made travel from place to place so incredibly easy compared to the traditional horse and buggy, but as with everything else, technology advanced and the steel skinned, steam breathing dinosaurs that carved the way for many across the country, has met the end of the line with the advent of the diesel engine and electric streetcars essecently being combined to make diesel-electric locomotives mostRead MoreInternal Combust ion Engines1475 Words   |  6 PagesInternal Combustion Engines An internal-combustion engine is a heat engine that burns fuel and air inside a combustion chamber located within the engine proper. Simply stated, a heat engine is an engine that converts heat energy to mechanical energy. The internal- combustion engine should be distinguished from the external- combustion engine, for example, the steam engine and the Stirling engine, which burns fuel outside the prime mover, that is, the device that actually produces mechanicalRead MoreA Review : Efficiency Improvement And Reduction Essay2173 Words   |  9 Pagesand Reduction in emission by using blended vegetable oil Bio-Diesel in C.I. Engine. Onkar V. Dixit[1], Ajinkya Jadhav[2], Dr. Lavendra S. Bothra[3] M.E. Energy System and Management, ARMIET, Sapgoan [1] Asst. Professor, Mechanical Engineering, ARMIET, Sapgoan [2] Principal, ARMIET, Sapgoan [3] (E-mail- dipudixit1991@gmail.com) Abstract:- Bio-Fuel oils are used as alternate substitute to diesel in CI engines with improvement in engine performance and also reducing harmful exhaust gas emissionsRead MoreEthanol Vs. Ethanol Free Fuel Essay2067 Words   |  9 Pagesethanol free gasoline, dropping its competitiveness towards diesel even more. (Energy, 2015) Ethanol gasoline types include E10, E15, and E85. E10 represents gasoline with a 10% ethanol content, which is the norm now for most gasoline types, and what will mostly likely be in normal unleaded gasoline. E15, 15% ethanol, can only be used in flex-fuel or light duty cars because it produces not nearly enough power to run a large gasoline engine without major modifications. (Energy, 2015) E85, meaning that

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 30 Free Essays

string(120) " admit that the other contestants received more applause than we did, which means their fan bases are larger than ours\." Like a Shadow on Me All of the Time Veronica drops us off in front of the Plaza Hotel on Saturday, saying, â€Å"Break a leg,† just before she pulls away. I follow Tiffany into the lobby, where four towers of water shoot out of a large fountain – at least ten feet up in the air. Real fish swim around in the pool of water, and signs read do not throw coins into the fountain. We will write a custom essay sample on The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 30 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tiffany has been here before. She walks right past the information desk and leads me through a maze of hallways with gold wallpaper and swanky-looking light fixtures that are all large bronze fish with lightbulbs in their mouths. Finally, we find the hall where the dance recital will take place. Red curtains frame a large stage. A huge banner hangs high above the dance floor; it reads dance away depression. We try to register at a desk, and it becomes obvious that we are the first contestants to show up, because the fat woman who is in charge of registration says, â€Å"Registration is not for another hour.† We sit down in the last row of seats. I look around. A huge chandelier dangles above us, and the ceiling is not just a regular ceiling, but has all sorts of plaster flowers and angels and other fancy things sticking out of it. Tiffany is nervous. She keeps cracking her knuckles. â€Å"Are you okay?† I ask. â€Å"Please don’t talk to me before the performance. It’s bad luck.† So I sit there and start to get nervous myself, especially since I have a lot more riding on this competition than Tiffany does, and she is obviously rattled. I try not to think about losing my chance to send Nikki a letter, but of course this is all I can think about. When other contestants begin to arrive, I notice that most of them look like high school students, and I think this is strange, but I do not say anything – mostly because I am not allowed to talk to Tiffany. We register, give our music to the sound guy, who remembers Tiffany from last year, I know, because he says, â€Å"You again?† After Tiffany nods, we are backstage, changing. Thankfully, I’m able to slip into my tights before any of the other contestants make it backstage. In the far corner, I’m minding my own business, sitting with Tiffany, when an ugly woman waddles over and says to Tiffany, â€Å"I know you dancers are pretty liberal about your bodies. But do you really expect me to allow my teenage daughter to change in front of this half-naked man?† Tiffany is really nervous now. I know because she does not curse out this ugly woman, who reminds me of the nurses in the bad place, especially since she is so out of shape and has a poofy old-lady haircut. â€Å"Well?† the mom says. I see a storage closet on the other side of the room. â€Å"How about I go in there while everyone else changes?† â€Å"Fine with me,† the woman says. Tiffany and I enter the supply closet, which is full of abandoned costumes from what must have been a children’s show – all sorts of pajama-looking suits that would make me look like a lion or a tiger or a zebra if I put one on. A dusty box of percussion instruments – tambourines, triangles, cymbals, and wooden sticks you bang together – reminds me of the music room in the bad place and music relaxation class, which I attended until I was kicked out. And then I have this terrifying thought: What if one of the other contestants is dancing to a Kenny G song? â€Å"You need to find out what songs the other dancers are performing to,† I tell Tiffany. â€Å"I told you not to talk to me before the performance.† â€Å"Just find out whether anyone is dancing to any songs played by a smooth jazz performer whose initials are K.G.† After a second she says, â€Å"Kenny – â€Å" I close my eyes, hum a single note, and silently count to ten, blanking my mind. â€Å"Jesus Christ,† Tiffany says, but then stands and leaves the closet. Ten minutes later she returns. â€Å"No music by that person,† Tiffany says, and then sits down. â€Å"Are you sure?† â€Å"I said no Kenny G.† I close my eyes, hum a single note, and silently count to ten, blanking my mind. We hear a knock, and when Tiffany opens the door, I see that many moms are backstage now. The woman who knocked tells Tiffany that all the dancers have checked in and are changed. When I leave the storage closet, I am shocked to see that Tiffany and I are the oldest contestants by at least fifteen years. We are surrounded by teenage girls. â€Å"Don’t let their innocent looks fool you,† Tiffany says. â€Å"They’re all little pit vipers – and extraordinarily gifted dancers.† Before the audience arrives, we are given a chance to practice on the Plaza Hotel stage. We nail our routine perfectly, but most of the other dancers also nail their impressive routines as well, which makes me worry we will not win. Just before the competition begins, the contestants are brought out before the crowd. When Tiffany and I are announced, we take the stage, wave, and the applause is mild. The lights make it hard to see, but I spot Tiffany’s parents in the front row, seated with little Emily, Ronnie, Veronica, and a middle-aged woman who I guess is Dr. Lily, Tiffany’s therapist, because Tiffany told me that her therapist would be in attendance. I scan the rest of the rows quickly as we walk offstage, but I do not see my mother. No Jake. No Dad. No Cliff. I catch myself feeling sad, even though I did not really expect anyone but Mom to show up. Maybe Mom is out there somewhere, I think, and the thought makes me feel a little better. Backstage, in my mind I admit that the other contestants received more applause than we did, which means their fan bases are larger than ours. You read "The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 30" in category "Essay examples" Even though the woman who announced us is now giving a speech, saying this is a showcase and not a competition, I worry that Tiffany will not get the golden trophy, which would kill my chance to write Nikki letters. We are scheduled to perform last, and as the other girls do their numbers, the applause ranges from mild to enthusiastic, which surprises me, because during the preshow rehearsal, I thought all the routines were excellent. But right before we are set to dance, when little Chelsea Chen concludes her ballet number, the applause is thunderous. â€Å"What did she do out there to get such good applause?† I ask Tiffany. â€Å"Don’t talk to me before the performance,† she says, and I start to feel very nervous. The woman in charge of the recital announces our names, and the applause is a little livelier than what we received before the competition. Right before I lie down at the back of the stage, I look to see if maybe Jake or Cliff showed up late, but all I see when I look out into the audience is the hot white from the spotlights that are on me. Before I have a chance to think, the music starts. Piano notes – slow and sad. I begin my incredibly drawn-out crawl to center stage, using only my arms. The male voice sings, â€Å"Turn around †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bonnie Tyler answers, â€Å"Every now and then I get a little bit lonely and you’re never coming round.† At this point Tiffany runs onto the stage and leaps over me like a gazelle or some other animal that is beautifully nimble. As the two voices continue to exchange verses, Tiffany does her thing: running, jumping, tumbling, spinning, sliding – modern dance. When the drums kick in, I stand and make a huge circle with my arms so people will know that I am the sun and I have risen. Tiffany’s movements also become more fervent. When Bonnie Tyler builds up to the chorus, singing, â€Å"Together we can take it to the end of the line; your love is like a shadow on me all of the time,† we go into the first lift. â€Å"I don’t know what to do and I’m always in the dark.† I have Tiffany up over my head; I am steady as a rock; I am performing flawlessly. â€Å"We’re living in a powder keg and giving off sparks.† I begin to rotate Tiffany as she lifts her legs out into a split and Bonnie Tyler sings, â€Å"I really need you tonight! Forever’s gonna start tonight! Forever’s gonna start tonight.† We make a 360-degree rotation, and when Bonnie Tyler sings, â€Å"Once upon a time I was falling in love, but now I’m only falling apart,† Tiffany rolls forward down into my arms and I lower her to the floor as if she were dead – and I, as the sun, mourn her. â€Å"Nothing I can say, a total eclipse of the heart.† When the music builds again, she explodes upward and begins to fly all around the stage so beautifully. As the song continues, I again make huge, slow circles with my arms, representing the sun as best I can. I know the routine so well, I can think about other things while I am performing, so I begin to think that I am actually nailing this performance pretty easily and it is a shame my family and friends are not here to see me dancing so excellently. Even though we will most likely not win the audience’s loudest applause – especially after Chelsea Chen obviously brought every single one of her family members to the performance – I begin to think we will win anyway. Tiffany is really good, and as she flies by me so many times, I begin to admire her in a way I had not previously. She has kicked her game up a notch for the competition and is now showing a part of herself I had not previously seen. If she was crying with her body for the last month or so, whenever we practiced in her studio, she is weeping uncontrollably with her body tonight, and you would have to be a stone not to feel what she is offering the audience. But then Bonnie Tyler is singing, â€Å"Together we can make it to the end of the line,† which means it is time for the second lift – the hardest one – so I lower myself into a squatting position and place the backs of my hands on my shoulders. As the song builds, Tiffany stands on my palms, and when Bonnie Tyler sings, â€Å"I really need you tonight,† Tiffany bends her knees, so I engage my leg muscles and push upward as fast as I can, extending my arms, elevating my palms. Tiffany shoots high up into the air, does a full flip, falls into my arms, and as the chorus dies down, we gaze into each other’s eyes. â€Å"Once upon a time I was falling in love, but now I’m only falling apart. Nothing I can do, a total eclipse of the heart.† She falls from my arms, as if dead, and I – being the sun – set, which means I lie back on the floor and use only my arms to slowly push myself backward and out of the spotlight, which takes almost a full minute. The music fades. Silence. For a second I worry that no one will clap. But then the house explodes with applause. When Tiffany stands, I do too. Just like we practiced so many times, I hold Tiffany’s hand and take a bow, at which time the applause thickens and the audience stands. I’m so happy, but at the same time I am sad because none of my family and friends came to support me – but then I hear the loudest Eagles chant I have ever heard in my entire life. â€Å"E!-A!-G!-L!-E!-S! EAGLES!† I look up toward the back rows, and not only do I spot Jake and Caitlin and Mom, but also Scott and the fat men and Cliff and the entire Asian Invasion. They are all wearing Eagles jerseys, and I start to laugh when they begin to chant, â€Å"Baskett! Baskett! Baskett! Baskett!† In the front row, Ronnie is smiling at me proudly. He gives me the thumbs-up when we make eye contact. Veronica is also smiling, and so is little Emily, but Mrs. Webster is crying and smiling at the same time, which is when I realize that she thinks our dance was really beautiful – enough to make her cry. Tiffany and I run offstage, and the high school girls congratulate us with their gaping eyes and their smiles and their chatter. â€Å"Oh, my God. That was so amazing!† they all say. It is easy to see that every one of them admires Tiffany because Tiffany is an excellent dancer and a talented choreographer. Finally Tiffany faces me and says, â€Å"You were perfect!† â€Å"No, you were perfect!† I say. â€Å"Do you think we won?† She smiles and looks down at her feet. â€Å"What?† I say. â€Å"Pat, I need to tell you something.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"There’s no gold trophy.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"There are no winners at Dance Away Depression. It’s just an exhibition. I made up the part about the wreath just to motivate you.† â€Å"Oh.† â€Å"And it worked, because you were beautiful out there onstage! Thank you, and I will be your liaison,† Tiffany says just before she kisses me on the lips and hugs me for a very long time. Her kiss tastes salty from the dancing, and it is strange to have Tiffany hugging me so passionately in front of so many teenage girls in tights – especially because I am shirtless and my torso is freshly shaved – and also I do not like to be touched by anyone except Nikki. â€Å"So now that we are done dancing, can I talk about Eagles football again? Because I have a lot of Eagles fans out there waiting for me.† â€Å"After nailing the routine, you can do whatever you want, Pat,† Tiffany whispers into my ear, and then I wait a long time for her to stop hugging me. After I change in the storage closet, Tiffany tells me there are no more naked teenagers backstage, so I go to greet my fans. When I hop down off the stage, Mrs. Webster grabs my hands, looks into my eyes, and says, â€Å"Thank you.† She keeps looking into my eyes, but the old woman doesn’t say anything else, which makes me feel sort of weird. Finally Veronica says, â€Å"What my mother means to say is that tonight meant a lot to Tiffany.† Emily points at me and says, â€Å"Pap!† â€Å"That’s right, Em,† Ronnie says. â€Å"Uncle Pat.† â€Å"Pap! Pap! Pap!† We all laugh, but then I hear fifty Indian men chanting, â€Å"Baskett! Baskett! Baskett!† â€Å"Better go greet your rowdy fans,† Ronnie says, so I walk up the aisle toward the sea of Eagles jerseys. Other audience members I don’t know pat me on the back and congratulate me as I weave my way through them. â€Å"You were so good up there!† my mother says in a way that lets me know she was surprised by my excellent dancing skills, and then she hugs me. â€Å"I’m so proud!† I hug her back and then ask, â€Å"Is Dad here?† â€Å"Forget Dad,† Jake says. â€Å"You got sixty or so wild men waiting to take you to the most epic tailgate party of your life.† â€Å"Hope you weren’t planning on getting any sleep tonight,† Caitlin says to me. â€Å"You ready to end the Pat Peoples curse?† Cliff asks me. â€Å"What?† I say. â€Å"The Birds haven’t won since you stopped watching. Tonight we’re taking drastic measures to end the curse,† Scott says. â€Å"We’re sleeping in the Asian Invasion bus, right outside the Wachovia parking lot. We set up the tailgate party at daybreak.† â€Å"Ashwini is driving around the block right now, waiting for us,† Cliff says. â€Å"So. Are you ready?† I am a little shaken by the news, especially since I just finished such an excellent dance routine and was hoping to simply enjoy the accomplishment for more than ten minutes. â€Å"I don’t have my clothes.† But my mom pulls my Baskett jersey out of a duffel bag I hadn’t noticed before and says, â€Å"You have everything you need in here.† â€Å"What about my meds?† Cliff holds up a little plastic bag with my pills inside. Before I can say or do anything else, the Asian Invasion begins chanting louder: â€Å"Baskett! Baskett! Baskett!† The fat men pick me up above their heads and carry me out of the auditorium, past the fountain full of fish, out of the Plaza Hotel, and onto the streets of Philadelphia. And then I am in the Asian Invasion bus, drinking a beer and singing, â€Å"Fly, Eagles, fly! On the road to victory †¦Ã¢â‚¬  In South Philadelphia, we stop at Pat’s for cheesesteaks – which take a long time to prepare, as there are sixty or so of us, and no one would dare go next door to Geno’s Steaks, because Geno’s steaks are inferior – and then we are at the Wachovia parking lot, parked just outside the gate so we will be the first vehicle admitted in the morning and therefore will be guaranteed the lucky parking spot. We drink, sing, throw a few footballs, and run around on the concrete; we roll out the Astroturf and play a few Kubb games under the streetlights, and even though I have only had two or three beers, I begin to tell everyone I love them because they came to my dance recital, and I also tell them I’m sorry for abandoning the Eagles mid-season and that it was for a good reason, but I just can’t say what – and then I am on a bus seat and Cliff is waking me up, saying, â€Å"You forgot to take your night meds.† When I wake up the next morning, my head is on Jake’s shoulder, and it feels good to be so close to my brother, who is still asleep. Quietly I stand and look around and realize that everyone – Scott, the fat men, Cliff, all fifty or so Asian Invasion members – is asleep on the bus. Two or three men are sleeping in every seat, with their heads on each other’s shoulders. Everywhere brothers. I tiptoe to the front of the bus, past Ashwini, who – in the driver’s seat – is asleep with his mouth wide open. Once outside, on the small patch of grass between the street and the sidewalk, I begin the same push-up and sit-up routine I used to do back in the bad place, before I had access to free weights and a stationary bike and the Stomach Master 6000. After an hour or so, first light comes. As I finish the last set of sit-ups, I feel as though I have burned off my cheesesteak and the beers I drank the night before, but I can’t help feeling like I should go for a run, so I run a few miles, and when I return, my friends are still sleeping. As I stand next to Ashwini and watch my boys sleep, I feel happy because I have so many friends – a whole busful. I realize that I left the Plaza Hotel without saying goodbye to Tiffany, and I feel a little bad about that, even though she said I could do whatever I wanted after we performed so well. Also I am very eager to write my first letter to Nikki. But there is Eagles football to think about now, and I know that an Eagles victory is just about the only thing that will smooth things over with my father, so I begin to hope, and I even say a little prayer to God, who I bet was pretty impressed with my dance routine last night, so maybe He will cut me a break today. Looking at all those sleeping faces, I realize I have missed my green-shirted brothers, and I begin to anticipate the day. How to cite The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 30, Essay examples

Business Law Corporation

Question: Write an essay on Business Law Assignment? Answer: Business Law Assignment Every individual is a legal person, but legal personality is a synthetic assemble, which might be conferred. The corporation derived from the logical expansion of the separation of legal personality from the humanity. The cluster of human being betrothed in common action jointly may try to simplify their work by gaining the status of legal personality. In the most of the capitalist countries, the limited liability company since its incorporation in 19th century plays a significant role in economic matters. However, several times because of companies limited liability, some undue hardship occurred for the creditors. Accordingly, the statutes of the countries may be equipped to recline the doctrine of the companys separate legal personality in a particular situation and shareholders make to be personally liable. The business practice, however, changed over the past century because of certain factors including globalisation and the competition. The doctrine of limited liability is not devoid of limits. The combination of limited liability and corporate personality was to produce the economic growth at the dawn of the industrial revolution. The combination of corporate personality and limited liability has the potentiality of abuse. As a result, the judiciary and Parliament limited the doctrine of separate personality in some situations. The case of Salomon v Salomon also incorporated the doctrine of lifting the corporate veil. Precedents of Salomon v Salomon The House of Lords set down the subsequent essential values of a company: Artificial Person The company means the juristic person without possessing the body of an ordinary living being. The existence of it depends upon consideration of the law. The officers, shareholders, directors and corporate managers are accountable for the management and daily business of a company. However, these individuals always symbolise the company. As, they only perform the duties, which are conferred upon them, they are within the scope of authority of the enterprise. They combine the company, and not bind themselves. Limited Liability One of the most significant rewards of trading by using a limited company is that the associates of the business are legally responsible for donating towards the payment of its debts to a limited degree. In the case of a company limited by shares, the legal responsibility of the shareholders to contribute would be measured by the minimum value of his or her shares. In this regard, we can say that once the shareholders have paid that minimum amount previously and any other premium agreed to when the shares were issued, he or she is not liable anymore to donate anything further. The formation of the company may be with unlimited liability of its associates, or the members may ensure the particular amount. In such cases, there is no limited legal responsibility of the members because of non-payment of the nominal or face value and the premium of the shares the held. The members have to pay the whole amount continually in the case of an unlimited liability company. In case the company is not able to pay the debts, its creditors may file the petition for wind up in the court. Formation of the separate legal unit is the chief benefit of incorporation. In the true scenario, individuals always carry out the business of the artificial person. In the final analysis, a few human beings are the actual recipients of the corporate rewards. Lifting the corporate veil There are chances that the corporate personality of a company can be engaged in committing frauds or improper, illegal acts. The corporate personality faade could be uninvolved to recognise the guilty person because an artificial person incapable of doing anything illicit or fraudulent. This move is called lifting the corporate veil. Usually, the courts would not obstruct and fundamentally go by the standard of a separate body as discussed in the Solomons case. However, in the meanwhile, the courts realise that there can be falsified and harmful schemes made by the associates and members of the companies. The standard of Solomons case cannot be extended to all the companies. The court may be the attention of the members of the corporate in universal, or in the public significance of identifying and punishing those persons who use the means of the corporate personality wrongly. The conditions under which the Court is lifting the corporate veil may be discussed as follows: Statutory Provisions There are express provisions of the company law that has to be followed in case of the scenario of piercing of lifting the veil of the corporate personality. Otherwise, we can say, the advantage of the limited liability and separate entity might not be permitted to enjoy in some definite circumstances. Reduction of membership In case, the number of associates are below the legislative minimum, and still the companies ensures the business away from that statutory minimum, or while the number of members is so concentrated, the court and the law can lift or pierce the corporate veil. The lifting of the corporate veil should be under the applicable law, and should formulate the persons behind that company who is personally liable for that act. Misrepresentation in prospectus If there is a misrepresentation in the catalog, every promoter, director and the other persons, who are liable for such issue of the brochure, sustains the liability towards the individuals who had borrowed the shares on the faith of that untrue statement. Misdescription of name Where any bill of exchange, order of any kind of money, or any contract is signed by an officer of the company, such officer shall be personally liable of such contracts in case the company name is not properly stated or even not stated. Fraudulent conduct In case the members of the company are in the conspiracy to wind up the company, it can be assumed that the business of the company has been continued with the intention to defraud the creditors of company. They deprived the other persons related to the company, or for any of the fraudulent purpose, such person may be held personally liable by the court for any of the liability of the company . Liability for ultra vires acts Officers, members or the directors of the enterprise personally are liable for all the acts, which they have conducted during their involvement on companys behalf if such acts are ultra vires to the policy of the company. The problem with Salomon v Salomon and the Corporate Groups The worlds condition has changed since Salomon v Salomon. Because of the economic developments in the twentieth century, there was a revolution of the business structure of the world. A set of subsidiary and the holding companies other than the single company performs the businesses nowadays. The standard of Salomon was universal to cover up the complicated situation of the transnational inter-corporate group venture. These enterprises mean the controlling major company operates its business through some subsidiary companies, even in case individual company has its entity. This principle in Salomon plays a significant role till now. However, there are some controversies with the extensions of Salomon. Firstly, the question arises about the legitimacy of the corporate groups. The corporate groups operated as one economic unit, but they are enjoying the status of separate corporate personality. It was recommended that the courts accept the application of the Corporate Personality within the corporate groups without considering the consequences. The doctrine of the separate corporate personality was made to defend the shareholders of the natural persons. The corporate assemblies created new problems regarding the challenges to the traditional orthodoxy. Secondly, the shareholders of individuals offered to be protected by holding companies or the corporate groups, but it has not been cleared that when the protection in question is lifted. It was contended that the law is not on the same pace as the progress of the commercial world. The corporate groups exploited the company rules. A classic example of exploitation of the principles of Salomon is Adams v Cape Industries Plc. There was negligence of Cape Industries Plc involved in the mining of asbestos in South Africa, which caused an asbestos infection to the claimant and others. A judgment obtained from the United States. As there is no branch of Capes in the United States, the judgment is not being enforced on the Capes. By establishing the subsidiary companies in the foreign countries, the parent companies enjoyed the profits. However, in case the subsidiary company fails, the parent company would not take any responsibility as there is an application of the strict rule of Salomon about limited liability. The modern legal situation The company trading has limited liability given by law. The principles of Salomon criticised several times, but the court has reaffirmed this once and again. There is a narrow ground of lifting the corporate veil, but the judiciary lacks uniformity and gives an inconsistent reaction. The Court might lift the corporate veil in the field of outstanding organisation and faade or sham. The courts can cut the corporate veil on the ground of sham or faade. In Gilford Motor Co v Horne, the Appeal Court has lifted the corporate veil and allow the injunction in opposition to the newly established company of the defendant and the defendant himself. The company of the respondent has the purpose of facilitating that person to conquer the terms of his restraining agreement from his previous employers. In the case of Jones v Lipman, the principle of the above mentioned case was followed. In this case, the defendant establishes a company to receive a land that the defendant was obligated to transfe r by a first agreed contract. The conclusion is that the lifting of corporate veil is possible in circumstances when the structure of corporate was abused for escaping from existing predicted liability. In Trustor AB v Smallbone and Others, there was a transfer of funds made by a managing director of the appellant company to the company prescribed by its managing director. Court entitled to lift the corporate veil. The court recognises the amount acceptance by the company as of the personality in case the individual used the company as a tool or faade to hide the facts and avoid the liability of the person. It can be said that there are no precise boundaries of the faade ground. Is the modern legal situation satisfactory? The legislations deal with a particular problem that has been arisen by the mixing of several statutes, by which the corporate groups get a various scope for exploitation of the law. In Adams, the court held that risk allocation and calculating the liability of the corporate groups is a justifiable use of group structure. Although, later it held that in the realistic perception, the sham is the actual basis of lifting the corporate veil. Corporate groups offered the current norms of the commercial reality: first is the autonomy and integrity of the corporate, set up in the standard of Salomon and the other is the public policy to protect the economically damaging or ethically abuses by the corporate groups. The test of corporate veil is unfair. The legal position of the shareholders treats equally by both types, such as natural persons and parent companies, by providing similar legal protection. As there is no clear guidance about the constitution of mere faade by the corporate groups, corporate groups can freely operate the structure as they please. Conclusion Salomons case thoroughly established that a company has a legal and independent personality separate from its member individuals, but also stated that corporate veil may be lifted. In the exceptional case, there is an ignorance of the corporate personality, and the individuals may be recognised as the whole company. Modern legislative is not able to cover the certain problems. The courts are reluctant to restrain the obvious utilisation of the principles in Salomon by the corporate groups. The current legal circumstance is not satisfactory from the point of view of policy, specifically as per the group structure of modern businesses. References Adams v Cape Industries Plc[1990] Ch 433. Armour, J. and Ringe, W.G., 2013. European Company Law 1999-2010: renaissance and crisis.Law Ukr.: Legal J., p.144. Blauberger, M. and Krmer, R.U., 2014. Europeanisation with Many Unknowns: National Company Law Reforms after Centros.West European Politics,37(4), pp.786-804. Buhmann, K., 2011. 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Intrastatutory Federalism and Statutory Interpretation: State Implementation of Federal Law in Health Reform and Beyond.The Yale Law Journal, pp.534-622. Guo, F. and Anan, L., 2012. Investors' Revolution, Shareholders' Activism and the Structural Change of Company Law [J].Science of Law (Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law),2, p.017. Hao, X.U., 2013. On the Relation between Transfer of Shares and Obtaining Shareholder Status in Company LawReview on Judgment No. 0011 Civil Final Decision of2009 in Anhui Province.Northern Legal Science,2, p.009. Shum, P.K. and Yam, S.L., 2011. Ethics and law: Guiding the invisible hand to correct corporate social responsibility externalities.Journal of business ethics,98(4), pp.549-571. Trustor AB v Smallbone and Others[2001]EWHC 703 (Ch). Armour, J. and Ringe, W.G., 2013. European Company Law 1999-2010: renaissance and crisis.Law Ukr.: Legal J., p.144. Blauberger, M. and Krmer, R.U., 2014. Europeanisation with Many Unknowns: National Company Law Reforms after Centros.West European Politics,37(4), pp.786-804. Buhmann, K., 2011. The Danish CSR Reporting Requirement: Migration of CSR-Related International Norms into Companies' Self-Reglation through Company Law?.European Company Law,8(2-3), pp.65-73. Campbell, J.C., 2015. Corporate Law, the Courts and Corporate Personality.Company and Securities Law Journal,33(4), pp.227-238. Craig, P. and De Brca, G., 2011.EU law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press. Eckardt, M. and Kerber, W., 2013. Horizontal and Vertical Regulatory Competition in EU Company Law: The Case of the European Private Company (SPE). Gluck, A.R., 2011. Intrastatutory Federalism and Statutory Interpretation: State Implementation of Federal Law in Health Reform and Beyond.The Yale Law Journal, pp.534-622. Esser, I.M., 2011. Corporate Social Responsibility: A company law perspective.SA Mercantile Law Journal= SA Tydskrif vir Handelsreg,23(3), pp.317-335. Dalal, A.S., 2011. Analysis of takeover defenses and hostile takeover.COMPANY LAW JOURNAL,1(3). Guo, F. and Anan, L., 2012. Investors' Revolution, Shareholders' Activism and the Structural Change of Company Law [J].Science of Law (Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law),2, p.017. Hao, X.U., 2013. On the Relation between Transfer of Shares and Obtaining Shareholder Status in Company LawReview on Judgment No. 0011 Civil Final Decision of2009 in Anhui Province.Northern Legal Science,2, p.009. Adams v Cape Industries Plc[1990] Ch 433. Campbell, J.C., 2015. Corporate Law, the Courts and Corporate Personality.Company and Securities Law Journal,33(4), pp.227-238. Jones v Lipman [1962] 1 WLR 832 Trustor AB v Smallbone and Others[2001]EWHC 703 (Ch). Shum, P.K. and Yam, S.L., 2011. Ethics and law: Guiding the invisible hand to correct corporate social responsibility externalities.Journal of business ethics,98(4), pp.549-571.